of the two: if and only if children are more complementary to leisure should the taxbenefit link be given a positive … may justify redistribution from families with children to those without implied by most pension systems. We find that the … opposite redistribution, from the childless to those with children, would be efficient if individuals have low risk aversion …

the number of children is generally preferable to family allowances because the latter creates a larger tax load on labor …This paper discusses alternative ways to deal with the positive externalities of having children in a pay …-as-you-go pension system. Family allowances are compared to introducing a fertility-related component into the pension formula. In an …

impact due to output-oriented altruism. We also find significant gender-related differences in the treatment effect: women …

In a model with endogenous fertility and labor supply three instruments of family policies are analyzed: child benefits …, subsidies for external child care, and parental leave payments. We compare the impact on the quantity and quality of children … in balancing family and work than parental leave payments. The welfare analysis shows that the introduction of subsidies …

I critically review recent studies that estimate those costs of violence and conflict that can emerge among organized … of organized conflict and violence are aggregated. …

In many instances of potential violent or non-violent conflict the future strategic positions of adversaries are very … different when there is open conflict than when there is settlement. In such environments we show that, as the future becomes … more important, open conflict becomes more likely than settlement. We demonstrate the theoretical robustness of this …