impact due to output-oriented altruism. We also find significant gender-related differences in the treatment effect: women …

I critically review recent studies that estimate those costs of violence and conflict that can emerge among organized … of organized conflict and violence are aggregated. …

In many instances of potential violent or non-violent conflict the future strategic positions of adversaries are very … different when there is open conflict than when there is settlement. In such environments we show that, as the future becomes … more important, open conflict becomes more likely than settlement. We demonstrate the theoretical robustness of this …