In 1998 the Norwegian government introduced a program that increased parents’ incentives to stay home with children … under the age of three. Many eligible children had older siblings, and we investigate how this program affected long … not by changes in family income or father’s labor force participation. …

family types. We compare sibling differences in families where the mother enters the labor force when the children are older … family members and to measure maternal labor force participation throughout the child’s entire childhood. Our empirical … out of the labor force during the entirety of her children’s adolescent years. Our identification strategy is, therefore …

parental leave from 12 to 24 months for children born on July 1, 1990 or later. We use test scores from the Austrian PISA test …

quantile treatment effects, showing how the child care expansion affected the earnings distribution of exposed children as … adults. We complement these estimates with local linear regressions of the child care effects by family income. Our findings …, and that children of low income parents seem to be the primary beneficiaries of subsidized child care. These findings are …