Immigration control-related audits and their resulting sanctions are not solely determined by impartial enforcement of … congressional oversight, i.e., legislative involvement, determines the bureaucratic immigration enforcement process. We examine the … union membership, correlate to bureaucratic decisions made at every stage of immigration enforcement. …

This paper investigates the effect of labor immigration on public pensions when wage setting by a centralized trade … union leads to unemployment. It is shown that immigration improves the financial soundness of pay-as-you-go pensions if and …

This paper explores the effects of high skilled immigration to a host country with unionized low skilled labor and an … unemployment insurance scheme. We show that such immigration can create a negative immigration surplus due to adverse effects on …