defend their monopoly position and prevent innovation and entry of high-quality competitors. This requires that the incumbent … quality upgrade related to innovation. Consistently with our empirical findings, the model delivers a negative association …

We empirically investigate whether the persistence of politicians in political institutions affects the innovation …’ innovation activity. However, once the causal effect is isolated by means of instrumental variables, using death of politicians … persistence and the probability of process innovation. This finding is consistent with the view that political stability may …

This paper traces the 11,000 year evolution of infrastructure systems during major periods of innovation, expansion and … millennia, although at times it has been pivotal in bringing innovation, taking risks and driving efficiency. It is argued that … innovation cycles, stressing that only an evolutionary, multi-disciplinary, systems approach embracing technology, finance, and …