defend their monopoly position and prevent innovation and entry of high-quality competitors. This requires that the incumbent … quality upgrade related to innovation. Consistently with our empirical findings, the model delivers a negative association …

We empirically investigate whether the persistence of politicians in political institutions affects the innovation …’ innovation activity. However, once the causal effect is isolated by means of instrumental variables, using death of politicians … persistence and the probability of process innovation. This finding is consistent with the view that political stability may …

Longitudinal, disease-level data are used to analyze the impact of pharmaceutical innovation on longevity (mean age at … pharmaceutical innovation increased mean age at death by 0.87 years (10.4 months)-—about 44% of the total increase in longevity … pharmaceutical innovation. The baseline estimate of the cost per life-year gained from pharmaceutical innovation in Greece is $17 …

We use longitudinal, disease-level data to analyze the impact of pharmaceutical innovation on longevity and medical … expenditure in Sweden, where mean age at death increased by 1.88 years during the period 1997-2010. Pharmaceutical innovation is … the number of drugs to treat a disease, not the number of drug classes. Pharmaceutical innovation also reduced hospital …