defend their monopoly position and prevent innovation and entry of high-quality competitors. This requires that the incumbent … quality upgrade related to innovation. Consistently with our empirical findings, the model delivers a negative association …

Trade and growth theories predict a mutual causation of innovation and exports. We test empirically whether innovation … exogenous to firms’ export performance. We find that innovation attributable to this variation leads to an increase of roughly 7 …

We empirically investigate whether the persistence of politicians in political institutions affects the innovation …’ innovation activity. However, once the causal effect is isolated by means of instrumental variables, using death of politicians … persistence and the probability of process innovation. This finding is consistent with the view that political stability may …