index of smuggling in Iran from 1970 to 2002. The Multiple Indicators - Multiple Causes (MIMIC) econometric modelling is … incentives for illegal trade. More trade openness accompanies more illegal trade for the case of Iran. On average, the relative … size of smuggling is about 13% of the total trade in Iran. The absolute amount of smuggling per year is about $3 billion. …

development of government spending in major sections shapes the political institutions in Iran. This question has become … especially important due to recent international sanctions, aiming to change the political behavior of Iran. We use the impulse … provision spending in Iran. The results imply that a shock in positive changes of democratic quality of institutions leads to …

subsequent taxation in Iran. We use rich micro survey data covering more than 36,000 Iranian households in 2009. Our micro …

Prussian industrialization and finds it unwarranted. The econometric analysis on which this claim is based suffers from severe …

stagnation in a traditional technology to industrialization and prosperity with a modern technology – be accelerated? Lewis (1954 …) and Rostow (1956) argue that the pace of industrialization is limited by the rate of capital formation which in turn is … an open economy increases the rate of capital formation and speeds up the pace of industrialization relative to a closed …

The industrialization process of a country is often plagued by a failure to coordinate investment decisions. Using the …

industrialization itself. We find that basic education significantly accelerated non-textile industrialization in both phases of the …

We propose a quantitative framework for the analysis of industrialization in which specialization in manufacturing or …