redistribution, do not compete with immigrants in the labor market, and do not compete with immigrants for publicly financed income …

index of smuggling in Iran from 1970 to 2002. The Multiple Indicators - Multiple Causes (MIMIC) econometric modelling is … incentives for illegal trade. More trade openness accompanies more illegal trade for the case of Iran. On average, the relative … size of smuggling is about 13% of the total trade in Iran. The absolute amount of smuggling per year is about $3 billion. …

development of government spending in major sections shapes the political institutions in Iran. This question has become … especially important due to recent international sanctions, aiming to change the political behavior of Iran. We use the impulse … provision spending in Iran. The results imply that a shock in positive changes of democratic quality of institutions leads to …

subsequent taxation in Iran. We use rich micro survey data covering more than 36,000 Iranian households in 2009. Our micro …

democratic. Hanusch takes issue with my results – and by inference with all past empirical results on the relation between Islam …. He establishes his conclusion by excluding the heartland of Islam from the estimation sample. For his estimates, Hanusch … in the heartland of Islam. …

and the extent of redistribution in democratic regimes – though such a link does not exist when objective measures of …