evidence on punishment preferences, in which subjects reveal a heterogeneous preference for punishing wrongdoers, our model … identifies circumstances in which “punitive” individuals (with stronger-than-average punishment preferences) will self …-select into law enforcement jobs that offer the opportunity to punish (or facilitate the punishment of) wrongdoers. Such “punitive …

heterogeneous groups. When punishment is not allowed all groups converge towards free-riding. With punishment, contributions … that these differences are not accidentally but enforced by punishment. The enforced contribution norms are related to …

This paper argues that the “Economics of Crime” concentrates too much on punishment as a policy to fight crime, which … is unwise for several reasons. There are important instances in which punishment simply cannot reduce crime. Several … feasible alternatives to punishment exist, such as offering positive incentives or handing out awards for law abiding behavior …

a punishment regime, in which certain individuals are permitted, but not required, to have punishment directed toward … them. The punishment system can condition on type and contribution history. The results indicate that the most effective … regime, in terms of contributions and earnings, is one that allows punishment of low contributors only, regardless of …

inclinations. The third pillar are sanctions meted out to anyone who does not cooperate; ideally punishment can work as a mere … findings, in particular with regard to punishment behaviour. The chapter concludes with remarks on future research. …

punishment option and compare it to the behavior of individuals in a laboratory experiment. We also consider different team …

-1367), who study cooperation and punishment in sixteen subject pools from six different world cultures (as classified by … cooperation in otherwise identical environments. This is particularly true in the presence of punishment opportunities. …

and privileged groups with and without decentralized punishment. We find that compared to normal groups, privileged groups … are relatively ineffective in using costly sanctions to increase everyone's contributions. Punishment is less targeted …

hedonic impact. (2) Irritation and contempt drive punishment behavior. (3) There are discontinuous "jumps" in the behavior of … responders. They either choose no punishment (destroy nothing) or the highest level of punishment (destroy everything). (4 …) Expectations have a significant effect on the probability of punishment but not on the intensity of experienced emotion. This last …

This paper provides evidence that free riders are heavily punished even if punishment is costly and does not provide … punished. As a consequence, the existence of an opportunity for costly punishment causes a large increase in cooperation levels … because potential free riders face a credible threat. We show, in particular, that in the presence of a costly punishment …