The implementation of European Union directives into national law is at the discretion of member states. We analyze …

This paper discusses rising enrolment rates, access, governance, underperformance in research and teaching, lack of … governance, more competition and internationalisation. Apart from providing mutual policy learning opportunities, cross …

-seeking mainly among the economic and political elite, whereas the middle period exemplifies the “democratization” of rent …

Does democracy promote economic development? This paper reviews recent attempts to address this question that exploited … explain why presidential democracy leads to faster growth than parliamentary democracy. Third, it is important to distinguish … growth effect of democracy. …

This paper shows how a world price shock can increase the likelihood that democratization must be used to resolve the … price shock can push the country into a situation where the elite face a commitment problem that only democratization can … of national income per capita and democracy may not be positively correlated. The model is also useful for understanding …

We claim that a sequential mechanism linking history to development exists: first, history defines the quality of …

: extended institutional and governance quality, democracy, voice and accountability, a well functioning system of law and order …In the course of history, a large number of politicians have been assassinated. Rational choice hypotheses are …