a punishment regime, in which certain individuals are permitted, but not required, to have punishment directed toward … them. The punishment system can condition on type and contribution history. The results indicate that the most effective … regime, in terms of contributions and earnings, is one that allows punishment of low contributors only, regardless of …

heterogeneous groups. When punishment is not allowed all groups converge towards free-riding. With punishment, contributions … that these differences are not accidentally but enforced by punishment. The enforced contribution norms are related to …

-1367), who study cooperation and punishment in sixteen subject pools from six different world cultures (as classified by … cooperation in otherwise identical environments. This is particularly true in the presence of punishment opportunities. …

and privileged groups with and without decentralized punishment. We find that compared to normal groups, privileged groups … are relatively ineffective in using costly sanctions to increase everyone's contributions. Punishment is less targeted …

Extending the die rolling experiment of Fischbacher and Föllmi-Heusi (2013), we compare gender effects with respect to …

environments, we use a laboratory experiment in which we form groups and assign leadership roles at random. We study an environment … behavior. Moreover, appointing leaders who are likely to have acted dishonestly in a preliminary stage of the experiment yields …