their creditworthiness and compare different types of subsidies with indirect subsidization through public banks. We find … that, in a large parameter range, the politician prefers public banks to direct subsidies because they avoid windfall gains … subsidies. One important prerequisite for this result is that public banks must not be allowed to fully compete with private …

correcting R&D market failures, can be useful complements to emissions pricing, but ambitious renewable targets or subsidies seem …

measures addressed at venture capital activity: government spending on entrepreneurial training, subsidies to equipment … investment, and output subsidies at the production stage. While these measures stimulate entrepreneurship, only cost …

gains taxation, innovation subsidies, public R&D spending and other policy initiatives. …