We investigate how tariff liberalization has affected exporting in emerging countries. We use a highly disaggregated … bilateral measure of market access to compare tariffs applied in 1996 and 2006, which includes the timing of the Uruguay Round … and episodes of bilateral liberalization. Our econometric estimations show that the reduced tariffs imposed on emerging …

Historically, tariffs have been an attractive policy tool to protect domestic industries. The benefits of such a policy … in response to an increased tariff. Moreover, any production gains that occur are biased towards higher cost domestic …

as tariffs, can continue to disadvantage foreign firms. We analyze the bidding strategies in such a game and show that … when domestic profits are valued, tariffs will be used to discriminate against foreign firms. Furthermore, we find that … optimal tariffs can be more protectionist than the optimal price preference, resulting in lower expected domestic welfare and …