index of smuggling in Iran from 1970 to 2002. The Multiple Indicators - Multiple Causes (MIMIC) econometric modelling is … incentives for illegal trade. More trade openness accompanies more illegal trade for the case of Iran. On average, the relative … size of smuggling is about 13% of the total trade in Iran. The absolute amount of smuggling per year is about $3 billion. …

development of government spending in major sections shapes the political institutions in Iran. This question has become … especially important due to recent international sanctions, aiming to change the political behavior of Iran. We use the impulse … provision spending in Iran. The results imply that a shock in positive changes of democratic quality of institutions leads to …

subsequent taxation in Iran. We use rich micro survey data covering more than 36,000 Iranian households in 2009. Our micro …

risk factors are correlated with each other and the degree of dependence individual firms have to the different types of … risk factors. Using a global vector autoregressive macroeconometric model accounting for about 80% of world output, we … propose a model for exploring credit risk diversification across industry sectors and across different countries or regions …

We develop a framework for modeling conditional loss distributions through the introduction of risk factor dynamics …

This paper considers a simple model of credit risk and derives the limit distribution of losses under different … results obtained indicate that if firm-specific risk exposures (including their default thresholds) are heterogeneous but come … from a common parameter distribution, for sufficiently large portfolios there is no scope for further risk reduction …

, sustaining only modest cuts in emissions. These results are unaffected by uncertainty about the impact of catastrophe. By … contrast, uncertainty about the catastrophic threshold typically causes coordination to collapse. Whether the probability …

their own risk preferences. The observed allocations are consistent with four different views of justice under uncertainty. … some recipients are exposed to uncertainty. Although, under certainty almost all uninvolved participants distribute … resources equally, they exhibit remarkable heterogeneity in just allocations under uncertainty. Moreover, uninvolved …