internal fight reduces the alliance’s ability to succeed against the outside enemy. Second, the option to make non …-binding declarations on non-aggression in the relationship between alliance members does not make peaceful settlement within the alliance … more likely. Third, higher differences in the alliance players’ contributions to alliance effort lead to more internal …

repeated interaction, direct contact or communication, free-riding among alliance members is far less pronounced than what …; however, this subsequent internal conflict does not discourage alliance members from expending much effort in the contest …

designed to limit the potential anticompetitive effects of cooperation by alliance partners in hub-to-hub markets, where they … provide overlapping nonstop service. While the paper shows that carve-outs are beneficial when the alliance does not involve … imposed on a joint-venture alliance. A JV alliance involves full exploitation of economies of traffic density on the hub …