marginal cost of violence always reduces violence, while increasing the indiscriminate fixed cost may backfire and result in …

This paper isolates the causal effect of policing on group violence, using unique panel data on self-reported crime by … soccer and ice hockey hooligans. The problem of reverse causality from violence to policing is solved by two drastic … violence increased dramatically during these periods. …

exposure to violence substantially increases present bias – choice of the smaller, immediate reward over the larger, later … mitigates the differences in behavior between those who were exposed to violence and those who were not. Our findings suggest … patient choices and mitigate the elevated impulsivity of individuals that have experienced violence. We measure our treatment …

institutions. This paper shows how such institutions can emerge as a decentralized equilibrium. In a first stage, individuals …

instruments: the literacy rate at the end of the XIXth century, and the political institutions in place over the past several … and with available measures of institutions in a cross-country setting. …

Centralized sanctioning institutions are of utmost importance for overcoming free-riding tendencies and enforcing … outcomes that maximize group welfare in social dilemma situations. However, little is known about how such institutions come … institutions in a public goods game. Our theoretical analysis shows that players may form sanctioning institutions in equilibrium …