entrepreneurial elite, resulting in economic policy and institutions which are more conducive to entrepreneurship and productivity …

Institutions are important for proper economic performance, but are replaceable by trust or other social norms. We show … that when proper institutions and trust are missing, integrity of the individuals can replace them. We construct a model of … a transactions-based economy with contracts preceding the transactions, and show that any one of (1) institutions, (2 …

instruments: the literacy rate at the end of the XIXth century, and the political institutions in place over the past several … and with available measures of institutions in a cross-country setting. …

This is Part 1 of a two-part paper which surveys the historical evidence on the role of institutions in economic growth … that private-order institutions have not historically substituted for public-order ones in enabling markets to function …, clarify the growth effects of other institutions, including contract-enforcement mechanisms, guilds, communities, serfdom, and …

Is human capital a robust predictor of good institutions? Using a new institutional quality measure, the International …

This is Part 2 of a two-part paper which surveys the historical evidence on the role of institutions in economic growth … that private-order institutions have not historically substituted for public-order ones in enabling markets to function …, clarify the growth effects of other institutions, including contract-enforcement mechanisms, guilds, communities, serfdom, and …