behave as if they maximize their net biomass subject to constraints which express the organisms‘ risk of being preyed upon … during predation. Like consumers, organisms face a ‘budget constraint‘ requiring their expenditure on prey biomass not to … exceed their revenue from supplying own biomass. Short-run ecosystem equilibria are defined and derived. The net biomass …

for land and prey biomass. We introduce a competitive allocation mechanism in both submodels such that economic prices and … divergence of prices for biomass and land in both subsystems. Finally, we determine values of all components of the ecosystem in …