This paper introduces dynamics in the R&D to innovation and innovation to productivity relationships, which have mostly … conditional mean of labor productivity: through an observed binary indicator, an observed intensity variable or through the … Community Innovation Survey. The results provide evidence of robust unidirectional causality from innovation to productivity and …

industry productivity. For this purpose we develop a reciprocal dumping model of international trade with heterogeneous firms … expected industry productivity. The central results of the paper regarding firm and industry level R&D spending differ …

investment subsidy. We compare the properties of the two potential supplements to the emissions tax. …

income) and an employment subsidy are examined, and these policies are compared to a straightforward tax cut for (unskilled …

their creditworthiness and compare different types of subsidies with indirect subsidization through public banks. We find … that, in a large parameter range, the politician prefers public banks to direct subsidies because they avoid windfall gains … subsidies. One important prerequisite for this result is that public banks must not be allowed to fully compete with private …

correcting R&D market failures, can be useful complements to emissions pricing, but ambitious renewable targets or subsidies seem …

families to link adoptive parent characteristics, child characteristics, and adoption-related expenses and subsidies. We then …

efficiency of products. Considering energy taxes, subsidies to firms for investment in more eco-friendly products, and product … product standard, but shies away from subsidies to firms. By contrast, a consumer-friendly government relies heavily on a … strict product standard and in addition implements a moderate subsidy to firms, but avoids energy taxes. …