In the first part of the paper we look at economic growth in Africa over the past three decades. We divide the past …. During the first period, Africa did not catch up but lost ground, Africa’s average per capita income declined. Since the mid … growth rates for Africa and several individual countries. We use the Hodrick-Prescott filter with different values for the …

procyclicality Africa’s resilience against external shocks improved. This also helped to better cope with the Great Recession of 2009. …

Economic development is often held to be beneficial for gender equality. However, there is good reason to believe that … empirical assessment of the relative importance of development and historical determinants of gender equality at the cross …-national level. To capture this long-term relationship, a new index of gender equality that stretches back to 1960 is introduced …

they behave the same as the males. Thus part of the observed gender difference in behavior under uncertainty found in … previous studies might reflect social learning rather than inherent gender traits. …

In many countries there is a considerable gender gap in enrolment for a bachelor’s degree in Economics, arguably an …