We introduce archetypal analysis as a tool to describe and categorize scientists. This approach identifies typical … allocated to each scientists under investigation. In our application, we use a sample of seven bibliometric indicators for 29 …

-stage model in which choosing between patent and trade secrecy is affected by three parameters : the patent strength defined as … whereas small innovations are always patented. Furthermore, medium innovations are patented only when patent strength is … sufficiently high. Finally, we investigate a class of licensing agreements used to settle patent disputes between patent holders …

When investigating the effects of federal grants on the behavior of lower-level governments, it is hard to defend the … handling of grants as an exogenous factor affecting local governments; federal governments often set grants based on … order to estimate the causal effects of general intergovernmental grants on local spending and local tax rates. The formula …

In this paper we test the hypothesis that intergovernmental grants allocated to co-partisans buy more political support … than grants allocated to local governments controlled by opposition parties. We use a rich Spanish database containing … information about the grants received by 617 municipalities during the period 1993-2003 from two different upper-tier governments …

intergovernmental grants on different types of personnel employed by the local governments. On the margin, we find a large, positive … effect of grants on the number of bureaucrats in the central administration, but no effects on the number of personnel in … that bureaucrats are able to, and do indeed, affect the allocation of grants within municipalities to support own goals. …

This paper shows that having access to a fast Internet connection is an important determinant of capitalization effects …