development of government spending in major sections shapes the political institutions in Iran. This question has become … especially important due to recent international sanctions, aiming to change the political behavior of Iran. We use the impulse … provision spending in Iran. The results imply that a shock in positive changes of democratic quality of institutions leads to …

subsequent taxation in Iran. We use rich micro survey data covering more than 36,000 Iranian households in 2009. Our micro …

index of smuggling in Iran from 1970 to 2002. The Multiple Indicators - Multiple Causes (MIMIC) econometric modelling is … incentives for illegal trade. More trade openness accompanies more illegal trade for the case of Iran. On average, the relative … size of smuggling is about 13% of the total trade in Iran. The absolute amount of smuggling per year is about $3 billion. …

This paper aims to show why Irving Fisher’s own data on interest rates and inflation in New York, London, Paris, Berlin … changes in inflation, not even in the long run. In Fisher’s data, interest rates have more persistence than inflation and … change less than inflation over time. The Fisher effect is a misnomer unless it is taken to refer to what Fisher actually …

changeover, Italian retailers have increased the number of price adjustments, which has translated into a higher inflation rate …

independence and inflation. Making use of data on the evolution of central bank independence over time and controlling for possible … bank more autonomy does not necessarily lead to better inflation performance. To lower inflation by increasing independence …This paper empirically studies the impact of the quality of political institutions on the link between central bank …

In this paper we analyse the short- and long-run relationship between employment growth, inflation and output growth in … growth, inflation and output growth with bidirectional causality between employment growth and inflation as well as output …

In most monetary models of economic growth, higher long-run inflation is associated with a decline in the growth rate … inflation results in lower growth and employment in all three models, while, in the cash-credit good economy of Dotsey and …

This study evaluates the role market competition plays in determining inflation based on sector-level data from OECD … countries. In theory, trade openness can affect inflation through changes in market competitiveness and productivity … of market competition. This study shows that inflation decreases with greater market competitiveness even after …

The sovereign debt crisis has made it clear that central banking is more than keeping inflation low. Central banks are … of the central bank to be the lender of last resort in the banking system. In this paper I argue that the ECB should also …