firms to these firms’ credit constraints at two contrasting points of the business cycle. We show that relationship lending … alleviates credit constraints during a cyclical downturn but not during a boom period. The positive impact of relationship …

financing crunch was broadly based across firms but those firms who really experienced a credit crunch tended to be small and … young, confirming the fact that SMEs tend to suffer more when credit standards are tightened. …

of a major international bank to third-country counter parties during the recent crisis may thus result in persistently … lower volumes of outward FDI from the bank’s home market. …

and study if the bank losses can be traced to the quality of bank governance. For this purpose, we examine the …” are then related directly to the magnitude of bank losses in the recent financial crisis. Our data confirms that … supervisory board (in-)competence in finance is related to losses in the financial crisis. Improved bank governance is therefore a …

Trade finance, particularly in the form of short-term letters of credit has received favourable capital treatment new … 100% leverage tax on assets such as letters of credit would reduce their natural attractiveness relative to higher …