index of smuggling in Iran from 1970 to 2002. The Multiple Indicators - Multiple Causes (MIMIC) econometric modelling is … incentives for illegal trade. More trade openness accompanies more illegal trade for the case of Iran. On average, the relative … size of smuggling is about 13% of the total trade in Iran. The absolute amount of smuggling per year is about $3 billion. …

development of government spending in major sections shapes the political institutions in Iran. This question has become … especially important due to recent international sanctions, aiming to change the political behavior of Iran. We use the impulse … provision spending in Iran. The results imply that a shock in positive changes of democratic quality of institutions leads to …

subsequent taxation in Iran. We use rich micro survey data covering more than 36,000 Iranian households in 2009. Our micro …

This paper examines the performance of 358 European diversified equity mutual funds controlling for gender differences …. Fund performance is evaluated against funds’ designated market indices and representative style portfolios. Consistently … with previous studies, no significant differences in performance and risk are found between female and male managed funds …

problems in the home country, with a lesser factor being the weak performance of the foreign subsidiary. …

evaluate the performance of local government in the provision of local public services. The model employs a reduced set of …

In the large literature on firm performance, economists have given little attention to entrepreneurs. We use deaths of … performance. Using longitudinal data, we find large and sustained effects of entrepreneurs at all levels of the performance … suggest that an often overlooked factor - individual entrepreneurs - plays a large role in affecting firm performance. …