crises. Using new financial reform measures for a large sample of developing and developed countries for the period 1973 to … of financial reform reduce the likelihood of systemic crises. We also show that after a country has reformed, the …

This paper investigates the benefits of banks’ direct investment in foreign subsidiaries and branches for non …-financial multinationals. The paper builds on the literature on international banks which has primarily focused on the implications for host … the volume of FDI by home market banks boosts FDI by non-financial firms from the same home market. Domestic and third …

equilibrium when banks have monopoly power, justifying a Pigouvian tax in this case. …

differences in financial factors, which may reflect differences in country risk and the legal and regulatory framework that banks …

institutions precede crises and, interestingly, positive reforms occur thereafter. Strong institutions shorten the duration of … crises, ethnic cleavages do the reverse. However, the negative effects of ethnic cleavages are not insurmountable: an …