benefits and tax credits among "comparable" households. We implement this approach by estimating a discrete choice model of … direct cost of 0.3% of GDP might raise total fertility by about 0.3 point. …

uncertainty about subsequent abatement cost, but can subsequently adjust output in the light of true marginal abatement cost …

is a trade-off between the direct benefits of each policy, and the costs that follow from the out-migration of capital …

their creditworthiness and compare different types of subsidies with indirect subsidization through public banks. We find … that, in a large parameter range, the politician prefers public banks to direct subsidies because they avoid windfall gains … subsidies. One important prerequisite for this result is that public banks must not be allowed to fully compete with private …

correcting R&D market failures, can be useful complements to emissions pricing, but ambitious renewable targets or subsidies seem … lower electricity prices. Even with multiple market failures, emissions pricing remains the single most cost …

, cost of coal purchases among coal-fired power plants using a panel data set from 1991 to 2005. Our study focuses … percent decrease in unit cost of heat input, and (3) a lower capacity factor even after adjusting for cross-plant generation … re-allocation due to cost reductions. Based on these estimates, back-of-the-envelope calculations find that restructuring …