causal effect of human capital on income, net of the innovation channel. …

stage of the patenting process and the interplay with the patent office. This is followed by considering the perspective of … the patent and trademark offices (PTOs), in particular, acknowledging the limited resources that are available to PTOs …

We use longitudinal, disease-level data to analyze the impact of pharmaceutical innovation on longevity and medical … expenditure in Sweden, where mean age at death increased by 1.88 years during the period 1997-2010. Pharmaceutical innovation is … the number of drugs to treat a disease, not the number of drug classes. Pharmaceutical innovation also reduced hospital …