This paper introduces dynamics in the R&D to innovation and innovation to productivity relationships, which have mostly … individual effects and idiosyncratic errors correlated across equations and that differ in the way innovation enters the … Community Innovation Survey. The results provide evidence of robust unidirectional causality from innovation to productivity and …

Keeping up with rapid technological change necessitates constant innovation. Successful innovation depends on both … implement them. Both of these knowledge-based elements of innovation can be attained through moderate labor force turnover in … innovation within a multivariate regression framework. However, when instrumenting training by the existence of a union …

Northern trade liberalization reduces the rate of innovation, increases Northern unemployment, and reduces both Northern and …