decision to learn, while two concern as well the choice of the particular language to learn. Literacy generally promotes … learning while the world population of speakers of the native language generally discourages it. Trade with speakers of a … specific language prompts learning of that specific language while the linguistic distance between the home and the foreign …

temporal side of the different processes interacting to produce a change in the structure of the language. That is, the rate of … import and dissipation of new elements is seen in relation to the rate at which a language absorbs such new elements into its … how the structural type of a language might influence its rate of adaptation of the external innovations and how the …

Language is a strong and robust determinant of international trade patterns: Countries sharing a common language trade … that this trade-promoting effect of language is likely to reflect cultural ties, rather than lower costs of communication … or similar institutions. Analyzing unique data for a single-language country, Germany, we find that similarities in the …