We develop a theory of innovation for entry and sale into oligopoly, and show that inventions of higher quality are …

-sample of off-patent products. First, we construct a vertical differentiation model to analyze the impact of regulation on … several off-patent molecules before and after the policy reform. Off-patent drugs not subject to RP serve as our control group …

generics and their market shares. This relationship is stronger for pharmaceuticals under reference pricing rather than …

experiment from Norway, which in 2003 introduced a reference price (RP) system called “index pricing” for a sub-sample of off-patent … pharmaceuticals, replacing the existing price cap (PC) regulation. We estimate the effect of the reform using a product level panel … regulation in lowering drug prices, while the cross-price effect raises a concern about patent protection. …

differentiated brand-name drugs. One of the brand-name drugs is a new treatment under patent protection that will be introduced if … the profits are sufficient to cover the entry costs. The other brand-name drug has already lost its patent and faces … profits to the patent-holding firm, making entry of the new drug treatment least likely. Surprisingly, we find that GRP …

This paper investigates the choice of an intellectual protection regime for a process innovation. We set up a multi …-stage model in which choosing between patent and trade secrecy is affected by three parameters : the patent strength defined as … the probability that the right is upheld by the court, the cost of imitating a patented innovation relative to the cost of …