factors underlying historical fertility limitation, the role of parental education has received little attention. We combine … their fertility before the demographic transition. Despite controlling for several demand and supply factors, we find a … negative residual effect of women's education on fertility. Instrumental-variable estimates, using exogenous variation in women …

Fertility has long been declining in industrialised countries and the existence of public pension systems is considered … which a public pension system depresses fertility. Our theoretical framework highlights that the effect of a public pension … system on fertility works via the impact of contributions in such a system on disposable income as well as via the impact on …

We question the received wisdom that birth limitation was absent among historical populations before the fertility …-run effect of living standards on birth spacing in the three centuries preceding England’s fertility transition. While the effect …

The interaction between investment in children’s education and parental fertility is crucial in recent theories of the … significant negative causal effect of education on fertility, which is robust to accounting for spatial autocorrelation. The …

instrumental-variable models that instrument education by landownership inequality and distance to Wittenberg and fertility by … previous-generation fertility and sex-imbalance ratio, we find that causation between fertility and education runs both ways …. Furthermore, education in 1849 predicts the fertility transition in 1880-1905. …

metastudy of the historical demography literature shows that the EMP did not prevail throughout Europe, its three key components …

In a model with endogenous fertility and labor supply three instruments of family policies are analyzed: child benefits …