providing incentives through group versus individual bonus schemes. When workers have a propensity for envy, either scheme may …

Splitting leagues or tournaments seems to be puzzling when agents are homogeneous and splitting leads to a negative … tournaments (i.e., tournaments that are intertemporally linked), which also enhances incentives. …

In practice, two types of tournaments can be distinguished - U-type and J-type tournaments. In U-type tournaments …, workers receive prizes that have been fixed in advance. In J-type tournaments, the employer fixes an aggregate wage bill in …-type tournaments if the number of workers is large, whereas the opposite holds for small numbers of workers. …