in European Union (EU) Member States (MS), analyze the financial instruments in place to manage this risk and identify … catastrophe risk models, one developed by JBA Risk Management (JBA) for fluvial and surface water flood, and one by the Global … Earthquake Model Foundation (GEM) for seismic risk. The report provides, (i) an indication of future losses for each country; (ii …

disasters strike. Investments in physical and social resilience complement and reinforce financial resilience. Pre-arranged risk … financing can help governments reduce the fiscal cost of disasters. Sovereign catastrophe risk pools, established to help … financial resilience in their region. Governments are moving toward adopting more sophisticated risk financing strategies that …