Electoral fraud has become an integral part of electoral competition both in established democracies and less …-than-democratic regimes. In this paper I study electoral fraud in the non-democratic setting. First, I present evidence of fraud … theoretical model that explains the observed tendency of growing fraud. Specifically, in a probabilistic voting model of electoral …

electoral fraud affects the participation decisions of voters. I find that two stable equilibria may exist: first, a full … creates coordination incentives for the challenger's supporters, higher fraud does not always benefit the incumbent, even when … relationship between fraud and victory margin and a negative effect of fraud on turnout. …