a special emphasis on the first year of the euro. A contribution is made as to how to measure these roles, both for … identification of changes in the role of the euro during 1999 compared to the aggregate of euro predecessor currencies, net of intra … -euro area assets/liabilities, before stage 3 of EMU. A number of key factors determining the currency distribution of …

The establishment of the ECB and with it the launch of the euro has arguably been a unique endeavor in economic history …

This paper distils three lessons for bank regulation from the experience of the 2009-12 euro-area financial crisis … fiscal distress, and inquires how the regulation of banks' sovereign exposures in the euro area should be changed to mitigate … new regulatory framework of the euro-area "banking union" can be expected to mitigate excessive forbearance and facilitate …

innovations to 10 economic sectors within the euro area, the United States, and the United Kingdom. We use daily data from January …