explore such a dilemma in a simple model of production in teams, in which the team members may differ in their effort choices …

a non-monetary effort but have different taste for effort. As benchmarks, we first present the laissez-faire and the … first best. In the first best, the level of effort is always lower than in the laissez-faire as the social planner takes … into account the consequences of higher survival on the budget constraint. However, since we suppose that effort is private …

We show in a theoretical efficiency wage model where firms differ in monitoring intensity or in the effort intensity of … and effort needs to be modelled. Results using a worker, firm panel from Ghana which contains reasonable effort … andmonitoring proxies show that the return to effort is higher in poorly monitored sectors as the theory suggests. …

We first build a fair wage model in which effort varies over the business cycle. This mechanism decreases the need for …