There is a substantial empirical literature quantifying the positive relationship between city size and productivity …. The paper draws out the implications of this productivity relationship for evaluations of urban transport improvements. A … theoretical model is developed and used to derive a wider cost-benefit measure that includes productivity effects. The order of …

and productivity. We decompose the spatial variation of earnings into a productivity effect and an occupational … that doubling the population of working age proximate to an area is associated with a 3.5% increase in productivity in the …