, simultaneously taking into account income, material deprivation and work intensity. The present paper uses this new indicator as a … deprivation among immigrants in some countries. …

rationing the supply of the goods. This article compares the efficiency of these institutions. We report the results of a 2x2 … introduce either taxation or rationing. Each treatment is subjected to two conditions: the burden of the deficit is either …-riding. Individualized taxation brings the voluntary contributions closer to the optimum while uniform rationing appears to be the worst …