development of commercial openness in each province. …

This paper gives a conceptual overview of the openness and vulnerability, sharing which in both cases respectively … depends on economic policy and on structural factors, independent from policy. It focuses on openness policy, proposed to be … measured by the residual of an openness function estimated only from structural factors, and on structural vulnerability …

China experiences rapid growth in urbanization. This paper investigates whether openness may, ceteris paribus, partly … explain the urbanization process. Trade openness and foreign direct investments are often regarded as important explanatory … over the period 1992-1998) is used to carry out an econometric analysis. Trade openness appears only significant and …