With increasing sophistication, economists have been estimating gravity equations for five decades. Robust evidence shows that borders and distance impede trade by much more than tariffs or transport costs can explain. We therefore advocate investigation of other sources of resistance, despite...

This paper examines the strengthening forces behind the latest wave of globalization and draws out its consequences for the policy strategies of small open economies such as Singapore. The digital revolutionÂ’s contributions to globalization have been substantial, but so too have the policy...