could lead to more unemployment. This long run effect vanishes under the Phillips specification. On the whole, the final … effect upon unemployment depends on agents' bargaining preferences during wage negotiations: the further from labor cost they … negotiate (thus the closer to net income), the higher the risk that demographic change ultimately leads to more unemployment. …

, this transformation took place within just a few years. Until the mid-2000s job opportunities were scarce and unemployment … was high. But since then labor demand has picked up and unemployment has dropped substantially. In contrast to the earlier … jobs because no major reforms to labor market institutions were recently implemented in the region. Instead, the main cause …

2007 that include a longitudinal component. It first shows that sustained economic growth will reduce youth unemployment … reduce youth unemployment. Third, the analysis of labor market characteristics reveals that young graduates experience long … unemployment as they cue for high-skill jobs. Moreover, the public sector remains the main provider of employment opportunities for …

-time work and unemployment developed considerably. So it is not sure that the female labor force participation measured by the … 25 and 59 years old. We propose several definitions of participation according to whether it includes or not unemployment … over time. The main results are as follows. The participation of the women (in employment or unemployment) does continue to …

market institutions – designed for each country specifically. …