Within the migration-trade nexus literature, this paper proposes a more carefully defined measure of migration business … networks, and quantifies its impact on bilateral trade. Controlling for the overall bilateral stock of migrants, the share of … migrants employed in managerial/business-related occupations has a strong additional effect on trade, and especially on exports …

upgrading of the EU15 imports from its emerging neighbours. The EU15 trade with emerging markets in Asia have strengthened the …