When will a monopolist have incentives to foreclose a complementary market by degrading compatibility/interoperability … interoperability which were particularly strong at the turn of the 21st Century. …

Microsoft had incentives to exclude rivals in the work group server market through degrading the interoperability of their … server operating systems with Windows. We also examine the impact of compulsory disclosure of information on interoperability …

government. Because closing hospitals in areas where the governing party is expecting a tight election race ("marginals") is rare … due to the fear of electoral defeat, we can use political marginality as an instrumental variable for the number of … hospitals in a geographical area. We find that higher competition is positively correlated with management quality, measured …