administrative firm-level panel data covering the universe of businesses filing sales taxes from the California Department of Tax and …

self-employment to 23%. This same time period also witnessed declines in "hometown" local entrepreneurship and the … probability of the self-employed being among top earners. Using 2016 data, we show that high startup capital requirements are …

small business sector's health. Previously this was difficult due to a lack of appropriate data. This paper fills this … QuickBooks Online Payroll subscriber data (QBO Payroll sample) from 333,000 businesses in the US, 66,000 in Canada, and 25,000 in … the UK. After comparing the QBO Payroll sample data to the official statistics, we remove the seasonal components and use …