This work aims to discuss the theoretical perspectives interested in studying the relationship between organizations and their environment. First, the rational, mechanistic and closed system approach, ignores the existence of the relationship between organizations and environment and any kind of...

Paul Veyne has suggested in 1971 that Sociology lacked a study object. Three quarters of a century after Durkheim’s Rules, it had yet to discover social types and orders of preponderant facts. At any rate, Veyne claimed, since Sociology or at least sociologists exist, we must conclude that,...

Several ideas taken seriously by the Portuguese economist, historian and social theorist Oliveira Martins (1845-94), and as such exposed in an academically respectable fashion, suffer a literary parody by his friend, the novelist Eça de Queirós (1845-1900), in his oriental novels, in a...