their connections within the organized crime network, I estimate network effects on gangsters’ economic status. Lacking …

simultaneity between police and crime. In Italy police o?cers can only be hired through lengthy national public contests which the …

Incarceration of criminals reduces crime through two main channels, deterrence and incapac- itation. Because of a … simultaneity between crime and incarceration–arrested criminals increase the prison population–it is difficult to measure these … effects. This paper estimates the incapaci- tation effect on crime using a unique quasi-natural experiment, namely the …