(english) This paper presents a survey of the large empirical literature in economics that has sought to examine the relationship between educational expenditures and outcomes in both developed and developing countries. The main feature of this literature is the remarkable lack of consensus...

This papers contains a survey of the recent literature devoted to the returns to schooling within a dynamic structural framework. I present a historical perspective on the evolution of the literature, from early static models set in a selectivity framework (Willis and Rosen, 1979) to the recent...

Measures of urban productivity are typically positively associated with city population. But is this relationship causal? We discuss the main sources of bias in the proper identification of agglomeration effects. We also assess a variety of solutions that have been proposed in the literature to...