In this short note, we use data from different elections in the German state of North-Rhine Westphalia between 1975 and … contribution is the comparison of municipal and state elections. …

in government. This effect is robust and shows even in state elections that are unrelated to federal elections - calling … government and opposition? We first present a theoretical discussion on the possible heterogeneity of incumbency effects in a … state elections using a regression discontinuity design (RDD). When studying the heterogeneity in these effects, we find …

This paper provides empirical evidence on the party incumbency advantage in mayoral elections in Germany. Using a … regression discontinuity design on a data set of about 25,000 elections, I estimate a causal incumbency effect of 38 … effects of the incumbent status on distant future elections and therefore evaluate the global properties of the LATE estimate …

elections, suggesting a critical mediating role of the democratic process. …

underlying voter preferences and the selection effect of parties. We use an instrumental variable approach where close elections …

town council election?; (2) Does this partisan identity influence in ensuing higher level elections?; and (3) Do voters … a bonus of 4-5 percentage points in vote share in the subsequent town council elections if, and only if, mayoral and … council elections are held simultaneously. With regard to higher level elections, we find no effect for the party identity of …

. We consider a sequential game with upfront payments being negotiated before short-term delivery contracts. We show that … short-term contracts only. …