adequate evaluations as to its actual success. This paper offers an overview of the counterterrorism effectiveness literature … of causality and proposes a working definition of counterterrorism effectiveness. We find that a main focus of the … literature lies on the impact component of effectiveness, often in the sense of a reduction of terrorist attacks in general or a …

notoriously low self-employment rate. Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of such programmes is scarce. The contribution of … the present paper is twofold: first, we evaluate the effectiveness of two start-up programmes for the unemployed. Our …